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Tema Artikel : Broadcasting and Translation
Anshori Mukti
1001122008
BROADCASTING AND TRANSLATION
These two kinds are something that we will learn in the
future, and these are very useful for us because we are in the English
Department student, so we should know about these.
The authors try to compare between broadcasting and
translation, the purpose to make the reader know or understand about
broadcasting and translating, hoped the reader can easier to choose what they
want to learn much in the next semester, we do not force the reader about what
they want to choose but we just describe about broadcasting and translation, we
will give the explanation for each and the reader can know or they will feel
confidence for what they will choose.
Know the authors try to describe or explain about
broadcasting first.
1. BROADCASTING.
Broadcast is a media given information to the people. Then,
Wikipedia said “broadcasting is a one-way wireless transmission over radio
waves intended to reach a wide audience. Stations can be linked in radio networks
to broadcast a common radio format, either in broadcast syndication or
simulcast or both”. Then, some opinion
about broadcast from library like;
• Broadcast
is the practice of creating audio and video program content and distributing it
to the mass audiences of radio, television and Internet media.
• .
Broadcasts usually are intended for recreation, enlightenment, education,
experimentation or emergency messaging
Broadcasting a Media to give information, persuade, and
entertainment to the public listener. There are two kinds of Broadcasting,
radio broadcast and television broadcast. In this article the writer would like
explain more detail about radio broadcast. The earliest radio stations were
simply radiotelegraphy systems and did not carry audio. The first claimed audio
transmission that could be termed a broadcast occurred on Christmas Eve in
1906, and was made by Reginald Fessenden. Whether this broadcast actually took
place is disputed.[2] While many early experimenters attempted to create systems
similar to radiotelephone devices by which only two parties were meant to
communicate, there were others who intended to transmit to larger audiences.
Charles Herrold started broadcasting in California in 1909 and was carrying
audio by the next year. (Herrold's station eventually became KCBS). For the
next decade, radio tinkerers had to build their own radio receivers. In The
Hague, the Netherlands, PCGG started broadcasting on November 6, 1919. In 1916,
Frank Conrad, an employee for the Westinghouse Electric Corporation, began
broadcasting from his Wilkinsburg, Pennsylvania garage with the call letters
8XK. Later, the station was moved to the top of the Westinghouse factory
building in East Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Westinghouse relaunched the station
as KDKA on November 2, 1920, claiming to be "the world's first
commercially licensed radio station".[3] The commercial broadcasting
designation came from the type of broadcast license; advertisements did not air
until years later. The first licensed broadcast in the United States came from
KDKA itself: the results of the Harding/Cox Presidential Election. The Montreal
station that became CFCF began broadcast programming on May 20, 1920, and the
Detroit station that became WWJ began program broadcasts beginning on August
20, 1920, although neither held a license at the time***.
Radio Argentina began regularly scheduled transmissions from
the TeatroColiseo in Buenos Aires on August 27, 1920, making its own priority
claim. The station got its license on November 19, 1923. The delay was due to
the lack of official Argentine licensing procedures before that date. This
station continued regular broadcasting of entertainment and cultural fare for
several decades.***
Radio in education soon followed and colleges across the
U.S. began adding radio broadcasting courses to their curricula. Curry College
in Milton, Massachusetts introduced one of the first broadcasting majors in
1932 when the college teamed up with WLOE in Boston to have students broadcast
programs.***
In Padang city we can find many radios,Radio broadcasting
commercial and radio broadcast non-commercial (government’s). Radio broadcast
commercial such as Arbest FM, Sushi FM,
and many radios. Broadcast non-commercial (government’s) such as radio RRI Padang.
Broadcasting by radio takes several forms. These include AM
and FM stations, There are several subtypes, namely commercial broadcasting,
non-commercial educational (NCE) public broadcasting and non-profit varieties
as well as community radio, student-run campus radio stations and hospital
radio stations can be found throughout the world***.
In radio broadcast there are name FM and AM. FM refers to
frequency modulation, and occurs on VHF airwaves in the frequency range of 88
to 108 MHz everywhere (except Japan and Russia). Japan uses the 76 to 90 MHz
band. Russia has two bands widely used by the Soviet Union, 65.9 to 74 MHz and
87.5 to 108 MHz worldwide standard. FM stations are much more popular since
higher sound fidelity and stereo broadcasting became common in this format. FM
radio was invented by Edwin H. Armstrong in the 1930s for the specific purpose
of overcoming the interference problem of AM radio, to which it is relatively
immune. At the same time, greater fidelity was made possible by spacing
stations further apart. Instead of 10 kHz apart, as on the AM band in the US,
FM channels are 200 kHz (0.2 MHz) apart. In other countries greater spacing is
sometimes mandatory, such as in New Zealand, which uses 700 kHz spacing
(previously 800 kHz). The improved fidelity made available was far in advance
of the audio equipment of the 1940s, but wide inter channel spacing was chosen
to take advantage of the noise-suppressing feature of wideband FM***.
The medium-wave band is used worldwide for AM broadcasting.
Europe also uses the long wave band. In response to the growing popularity of
FM radio stereo radio stations in the late 1980s and early 1990s, some North
American stations began broadcasting in AM stereo, though this never gained
popularity, and very few receivers were ever sold***.
AM stations were the earliest broadcasting stations to be
developed. AM refers to amplitude modulation, a mode of broadcasting radio
waves by varying the amplitude of the carrier signal in response to the
amplitude of the signal to be transmitted***.
One of the advantages of AM is that its signal can be
detected (turned into sound) with simple equipment. If a signal is strong
enough, not even a power source is needed; building an unpowered crystal radio
receiver was a common childhood project in the early decades of AM
broadcasting***.
Component of radio broadcast is sound. Sounds are wade
energy cheeped in media elastic to ears. Third element from sounds, it is
pitched sound, high sound, and tone sounds. Characteristic of sounds is
pitched, high, and tone. Pitched is amplitude and boiler of sounds high sound
is frequency and tone is combining both of them. A radio station created (sound) while a
television station creates audio and video. The audio or audio and video are
packaged as program, which are transmitted through the air as radio waves from
a transmitter to an antenna to a receiver. They also can be transmitted through
computer networks locally and internationally. Broadcast stations can be linked
in networks to broadcast common programming.
Journalism is component of broadcaster. TV media
professionals and programs will have their own way of dealing with production
roles. How a program works will reflect resources and preferences of the people
working on a program. This is a guide to how a team works like; story idea,
team decides to researcher an idea, and decision to go ahead with the story.
2. TRANSLATION
In translate, a translator need tools and more knowledge.
The tool is dictionary and internet, for knowledge they are need information
and experience. A translation has to
know punctuation, grammar and common. What is punctuation? Punctuation is an
important aid to understanding sentences. It can be a guide, or marker for the
location of sentences. It can be a guide. The comma can be used to separate
introductory, beginning, or opening part of sentence. Sentences often begin
with some type of introductory, phrase, that connect what will be said in one
sentences with what has been already said in a previous sentences or it
providers. Some back ground information. Then, parenthetical use, the comma can
be use to separate additional information from the main part of the sentences.
There are many differencesies between translation and
broadcast. Translation is the communication of the meaning of a source-language
text by means of an equivalenttarget-language text*. Translation studies is an
interdisciplinary containing elements of social science and the humanities,
dealing with the systematic study of the theory, the description and the
application of translation, interpreting or both these activities**.
Translation
is a process to change 2 different language(sourcelanguage) into another
language( target language). For example translate English to Indonesian; there are
many totally different from English’s culture and Indonesian’s culture.
Cultural translation, this is a new area of interest in the field of
translation studies, deriving largely from HomiBhabha's reading of Salman
Rushdie in The Location of Culture. Cultural translation is a concept used in
cultural studies to denote the process of transformation, linguistic or
otherwise, in a given culture. The concept uses linguistic translation as a
tool or metaphor in analyzing the nature of transformation in cultures. For
example, ethnography is considered a translated narrative of an abstract living
culture**.
The big trouble of translation is translating the culture, why?
Because in the world there are many differencecies country, and not same to
each other. So, before we start to translate, a translator has to learn and
understand about the culture of target language. For example if a translator
want translate English into Indonesian, the translator has to know about the
culture of English. Such as thanks giving, Thanks givingis a culture of English
and Indonesian has not this culture. So when a translator found this case, they
have to explain more detail about thanks giving and make the reader understand
it.
Translation is not easy work; there aremanysteps that we have
to learn and many theories that we have to know. Such astechnics of
translation; vocative function, technic of translation free style, technic of
translation multifunctional, technic of translationdialek, and technics of
translation two special case. There are so complicated if we no really serious
to learn it****.
There are many kind of translation
1. Back-translation
A "back-translation" is a translation of a
translated text back into the language of the original text, made without
reference to the original text.
Comparison of a back-translation with the original text is
sometimes used as a check on the accuracy of the original translation, much as
the accuracy of a mathematical operation is sometimes checked by reversing the
operation. But while useful as approximate checks, the results of such reverse
operations are not always precisely reliable. Back-translation must in general
be less accurate than back-calculation because linguistic symbols (words) are
often ambiguous, whereas mathematical symbols are intentionally unequivocal*.
2. Literary
translation
Translation of literary works (novels, short stories, plays,
poems, etc.) is considered a literary pursuit in its own right. For example,
notable in Canadian literaturespecifically as translators are figures such as
Sheila Fischman, Robert Dickson and Linda Gaboriau, and the Governor General's
Awards annually present prizes for the best English-to-French and
French-to-English literary translations*.
Other writers, among many who have made a name for
themselves as literary translators, include VasilyZhukovsky, Tadeusz
Boy-Żeleński, Vladimir Nabokov, Jorge Luis Borges, Robert Stiller and Haruki
Murakami*.
3. Modern
translation
As languages change, texts in an earlier version of a
language – either original texts or old translations – may be difficult for
more modern readers to understand. Texts may thus be translated into more
modern language, called a modern translation (sometimes modern English
translation or modernized translation)*.
4. Poetry
Poetry presents special challenges to translators, given the
importance of a text's formal aspects, in addition to its content. In his
influential 1959 paper "On Linguistic Aspects of Translation", the
Russian-born linguist and semioticianRoman Jakobson went so far as to declare
that "poetry by definition [is] untranslatable"*.
In 1974 the American poet James Merrill wrote a poem, "Lost
in Translation", which in part explores this idea. The question was also
discussed in Douglas Hofstadter's 1997 book, Le Ton beau de Marot; he argues
that a good translation of a poem must convey as much as possible of not only
its literal meaning but also its form and structure (meter, rhyme or
alliteration scheme, etc.*
So, the last whatever that you will choose for these two job
that not different, it depends on yourself, you will choose your future and you
should work hard for it.
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