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Tema Artikel : Broadcasting and Translation
Anggara Prayudha
1001122009
BROADCASTING AND TRANSLATE
Broadcasting is the distribution
of audio and/or video signals which transmit programs to an audience. The
audience may be the general public or a relatively large sub-audience, such as
children or young adults.
There are wide variety of
broadcasting systems, all of which have different capabilities. The largest
broadcasting systems are institutional public address systems, which transmit
nonverbal messages and music within a school or hospital, and low-powered
broadcasting systems which transmit radio stations or television stations to a
small area. National radio and television broadcasters have nationwide
coverage, using satellite systems, and cable distribution. Satellite radio and
television broadcasters can cover even wider areas, such as entire continents,
and Internet channels can distribute text or streamed music worldwide. The
sequencing of content in a broadcast is called a schedule. As with all
technological endeavors, a number of technical terms and slang have developed.
A list of these terms can be found at list of broadcasting terms. Television
and radio programs are distributed through radio broadcasting or cable, often
both simultaneously. By coding signals and having decoding equipment in homes,
the latter also enables subscription-based channels and pay-per-view services.
The term "broadcast" originally referred to the sowing of seeds by
scattering them over a wide field. It was adopted to refer to the analogous
dissemination of signals by early radio engineers from the Midwestern United
States. Broadcasting forms a very large segment of the mass media. Broadcasting
to a very narrow range of audience is called narrowcasting.
Economically there are a few ways
in which stations are able to continually broadcast. Each differs in the method
by which stations are funded: in-kind
donations of time and skills by volunteers (common with community
broadcasters). Direct government payments or operation of public broadcasters.
Indirect government payments, such as radio and television licenses. Grants from
foundations or business entities, selling advertising or sponsorships, public
subscription or membership.
Broadcasters may rely on a
combination of these business models. For example, National Public Radio, a
non-commercial network within the United States, receives grants from the
Corporation for Public Broadcasting (which in turn receives funding from the
U.S. government), by public membership, and by selling "extended
credits" to corporations.
Types to be radio presenter,
first, Insights about local events, nationally and internationally. A presenter
let alone deliver the news every day. Second, Sound standard. Everyone has a
voice color. Find your voice by practicing. The voice is an important device in
the radio. Therefore realize the importance of the vocal cords in a presenter
is essential. Does the color of sound and bass, baritone or shrill, it is still
possible depending on the radio that will be entered. Third, Authoritative but
relaxed. Radio is an intimate medium. You need an authoritative voice but it
sounded familiar. Authoritative tone of voice that could be described as a
familiar atmosphere, but contains a straightforward and direct. He's not lip
service and too long but natural sounding and flowing. And then, Passion in
conveying information. Enthusiasm in conveying information is a very important
provision. In principle, if you're excited by the news delivered something new
and listeners need to know the attitude coming out of your voice as well as if
to invite the listener to follow. Conversely if you are not enthusiastic
listeners were allegedly lazy to follow. After that, Make your broadcast "your show".
Think this is your stage. The presentation was a show. You should consider it
as a driver and a controller which controls a "stage" broadcast. Each
tone, intonation and sound that comes out of your way broadcast “show off” how
it should be. Just as the theater was no opening in the delivery, opening and closing. There is a high tone, low and stressed.
Everything is delivered with an attitude rather boring.
Types by BBC, first, Calm.
Natural speaking voice is sometimes too fast for the listener therefore his
voice quiet and slow to deliver the information you submit. As well as Make every word means. Read the text with
confidence and say each word correctly. Do not end the sentence is incomplete.
Then, Act as if you talk to certain people. Imagine you history something to
one person in your mind. And Avoid awkward and nervous. Later it sounds strange
in the ears of listeners. After that Smile. This may sound good, as you see
yourself smiling attitude sometimes make the sound friendlier. So Remember your
voice is as good as anyone else. Any person may speak slowly or presenting with
clear accent does not matter whether you are high or low.
Broadcast journalists report the
news to television, Internet and radio audiences. Some journalists follow news
stories by going to the scene and sending live reports back to the news
station. Other journalists remain in the news studio to broadcast news stories
as they happen. Many broadcast journalists work odd hours to follow story leads
and meet deadlines. Information from the BLS showed that education requirements
for this career usually include a bachelor's degree in areas such as mass
communications or journalism. Employers hiring journalists in specialty fields,
such as economics, are more likely to hire workers with a bachelor's degree in
their specialty field. Journalism degree programs include coursework such as
writing for the media, communications law, media technology and investigative
reporting.
Part of the education process
includes gaining real world experience. Most journalism programs include
opportunities for students to work with the school news broadcasting stations
as well as the school newspapers. Several programs also help students get into
internship programs with local and national news broadcasting agencies.
Some broadcast journalists work
in studios where newscasts are filmed. They read the news off prompters or
paper scripts and interact with other journalists during the newscast session.
Occasionally journalists interview celebrities and other persons of interest
during the newscast. Journalists often research trending news topics and write
articles to be included in the next newscast.
Several broadcast journalists
work in the field to report live news events on-scene. Before arriving
on-scene, field broadcast journalist’s research information about the news
event, so they can ask probing questions. Once on-scene, a small film crew
follows and documents the journalist while he or she interviews people involved
in the action as well as those watching on the sidelines. Afterwards, the
journalist goes through and edits the footage into a viewable news story.
One of the most important aspects
of radio broadcast training is in-studio
experience. Typically, both 2- and 4-year colleges offer internships at local
radio stations as well as hands-on skills labs at on-campus radio stations.
Because many larger radio stations tend to require 3-5 years of experience in
the field, aspiring radio broadcasting personnel may begin working in smaller
stations, which are more willing to take entry-level workers. Radio
broadcasting graduates may start out as production assistants or equipment
operators, slowing working their way up. Volunteer opportunities with
non-profit radio stations may allow for additional training. Career as a journalist is the Journalists
gather, interpret and disseminate news for a wide audience. They are keen
observers and develop investigative skills in addition to writing accurately
and concisely. Broadcast journalists hone their speaking and presentation
abilities, while photojournalists use cameras to present news visually. A new
field of journalism is evolving to meet the needs of the Internet and wireless
communication devices. These journalists gather news and prepare articles and
reports for newspapers, radio and television stations, wire services and
magazines. They identify and track sources of information, and they conduct
interviews by phone, in person or by e-mail. Reporters, especially
correspondents on location, sometimes work in dangerous conditions to cover
breaking stories. They often work under hard deadline pressure.
what is translation? Translation
is an activity comprising the interpretation of the meaning of a text in one
language — the source text — and the production, in another language, of a new,
equivalent text — the target text, or translation.
Traditionally, translation has
been a human activity, although attempts have been made to automate and
computerize the translation of natural-language texts — machine translation —
or to use computers as an aid to translation, computer, assisted translation.
The goal of translation is to
establish a relation of equivalence of intent between the source and target
texts (that is to say, to ensure that both texts communicate the same message),
while taking into account a number of constraints. These constraints include
context, the rules of grammar of both languages, their writing conventions,
their idioms, and the like.
"Translation" is,
etymologically, a "carrying across" or "bringing across":
the Latin translation derives from transferred (trans, "across" +
ferret, "to carry" or "to bring"). The modern European languages,
Romance, Germanic and Slavic, have generally formed their own equivalent terms
for this concept after the Latin model: after transferred or after the kindred
traducer ("to lead across" or "to bring across").
Additionally, the Greek term for "translation," metaphases (a
"speaking across"), has supplied English with "metaphase,"
meaning a literal, or word-for-word, translation, as contrasted with
"paraphrase" (a "saying in other words," from the Greek paraphrases).
The translation process, whether it be for translation or interpreting, can be
described simply as: Decoding the meaning of the source text, and Re-encoding
this meaning in the target language.
To decode the meaning of a text
the translator must first identify its component “translation units” that is to
say the segments of the text to be treated as a cognitive unit. A translation
unit may be a word, a phrase or even one or more sentences. Behind this
seemingly simple procedure lies a complex cognitive operation. To decode the
complete meaning of the source text, the translator must consciously and
methodically interpret and analyze all its features. This process requires
thorough knowledge of the grammar, semantics, syntax, idioms and the like of
the source language, as well as the culture of its speakers.
The translator needs the same
in-depth knowledge to re-encode the meaning in the target language. In fact,
often translators' knowledge of the target language is more important, and
needs to be deeper, than their knowledge of the source language. For this
reason, most translators translate into a language of which they are native
speaker.
In addition, knowledge of the
subject matter being discussed is essential.
In recent years studies in
cognitive linguistics have been able to provide valuable insights into the
cognitive process of translation.
The criteria used to judge the
faithfulness of a translation vary according to the subject, the precision of
the original contents, the type, function and use of the text, its literary
qualities, its social or historical context, and so forth.
The criteria for judging the
transparency of a translation would appear more straightforward: an unidiomatic
translation "sounds" wrong, and in the extreme case of word-for-word
translations generated by many machine translation systems, often result in
patent nonsense with only a humorous value.
Nevertheless, in certain contexts
a translator may knowingly strive to produce a literal translation. For
example, literary translators and translators of religious works often adhere
to the source text as much as possible. To do this they deliberately
"stretch" the boundaries of the target language to produce an
unidiomatic text. Likewise, a literary translator may wish to adopt words or
expressions from the source language to provide "local color" in the
translation.
The concepts of fidelity and
transparency are looked at differently in recent translation theories. The idea
that acceptable translations can be as creative and original as their source
text is gaining momentum in some quarters.
The translation of
"general" texts. In practice, few texts are really
"general"; most fall into a specialization but are not seen as such.
Sometimes, to prevent such problems, one language will be declared
authoritative, with the translations not being considered legally binding,
although in many cases this is not possible, as one party does not want to be
seen Whereas the singing of translated texts has been common for centuries, it
is less necessary when a written translation is provided in some form to the
listener, for instance, as inserts in concert programs or as projected titles
in performance halls or visual media. as subservient to the other.
hhhmmmmmm....
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