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Tema Artikel : Broadcasting and translation
Muhammad Luthfi
1001121002
If
we talk about translation, Translation is to transform textual material in one
language by equivalent textual material in another language. Larson (1984:3)
explained larger about translation, that is, the process of studying the
lexicon, the grammatical structure, and the communication
situation of the source language text, analyzing it in order to determine the
meaning, and then reconstructing this same meaning using the natural forms of
the receptor language. Here, the translator seeks lexical equivalents between
the source language and the receptor language.
It
means that translation is the process of replacing meanings in one language
into another language by concerning some points. A translation process should
consider about lexicon, grammar, and situation in source language text and then
transfer them into target language with the same meaning by considering the
naturalness of target language. Thus, the equivalence between source language
and target language should be fulfilled in order to avoid misinterpretation by
the reader in the target language.
According to Newmark (1988:5),
translation is rendering the meaning of a text into another language in the way
that the author intended the text. He said that all the text can be translated.
It is supported by Danila Seleskovitch (in Newmark, 1988:6) who said that:
‘Everything said in one language can be expressed in another – in condition
that the two languages belong to cultures that have reached a comparable degree
of development.’ In addition, Bell (1991) says that the expression in another
language (or target language) of what has been expressed in another, source
language, preserving semantic and stylistic equivalences is a definition of
translation.
Furthermore
translation can be said as another way to express the meaning of a text in
another language. A translator should have deep understanding of the ideas
expressed by the author in the text. It is an attempt of finding the good ways
to express ideas in source language with appropriate sentences in target
language. Here, a translator is required to know the culture both languages. It
is useful to obtain the equivalences in meaning of the two languages.
Wikipedia
Free Encyclopedia (2007) formulates that translation is the interpretation
of the meaning of a text in one language
(the "source text") and the production, in another language, of an equivalent
text (the "target text," or "translation") that
communicates the same message.
Moreover, translation must take into account a number of constraints, including
context,
the rules of grammar
of the two languages, their writing conventions,
their idioms
and the like. Still in this website, etymologically,
"translation" is a "carrying across" or "bringing
across." It can be concluded that translation is a transfer process of
meaning from one expression in one language to other expression of other
language. The ideas expressed in the target language should be the same with
the expression in source language. To make the expression of both languages are
equal, a translator should consider about the context, grammar and other
factors like conventions and idioms used by the author. Here, the term of
equivalence is very important to be applied.
In
conclusion, translation can be said as a process in which the translator
transfer equally the idea, meaning, and may be the style of the author or
writer of source language into target language. The ideal translation product
is that the appreciation of target readers approach to the same appreciation of
the readers who read the source text or book.
1.
Equivalence and the problem
It
is important to discuss equivalence here since the main purpose of translation
is to make the target text and the source text equivalent. There are many terms
of equivalence proposed by experts of translation. Catfort (1965) in Hatim
(2001) introduced formal and textual equivalence. It closely corresponds to the
linguistic form of the source text. It covers formal relationships which exist
when ‘a TL category can be found have the same place in the SL category – e.g.
translating an adjective by an adjective. And when it can be done which the
source text is translated by considering the linguistic form of the source
text, so textual equivalence is needed. It is done when any TL text or portion
of text is ‘observed on a particular occasion to be the equivalent of a given
SL text or portion of text’ – e.g. translating an adjective by an adverbial
phrase. It means that, to get the appropriate equivalence in TL, a translator
first try to see the linguistic form of the source text and then find the words
with same linguistic form in target language. For example, the word lazy (adjective) is translated into
Bahasa Indonesia with word malas
(adjective). Here, what Catford says about formal equivalence can be met.
Although Catfort does not touch on the term of meaning in his explanation about
equivalence, it can be concluded that, according to Suryawinata and Haryanto
(2003), textual material can be equivalent in its meaning, length, style, or
even quality of printing.
A.
Translation strategy
Translation strategy
can be said as instruments to help translator in doing translation process.
Different from translation method which concern to the process of translation
as the whole text, translation strategy more concern to the process of
translation word (Newmark, 1988:81). Before discussing about strategies of
translation, it is needed to discuss the reason why strategies are needed. The
main reason is about the equivalence problem, especially the word equivalence.
Problems
1)
Culture-specific concepts. The source language word may
express a concept which is totally unknown in the target culture. The concept
may relate to a religious belief, a social custom, or even type of food. An
example is airing cupboard in English
which is unknown to speakers of most languages.
2)
The source-language concept is not lexicalized in the
target language. The source-language word may express a concept which in the
target culture but simply not lexicalized, that is not ‘allocated’ a
target-language word to express it. For example, the word savoury has no equivalent in many languages, including in
Indonesian language, although it expresses a concept which is easy to
understand.
3)
Source-language word is semantically complex. This is a
practically common difficulty in translation. A single word which consists of a
single morpheme can sometimes express a more complex set of meanings than a
whole sentence. Sometimes people do not realize how semantically complex a word
is until they have to translate it into a language which does not have an
equivalent for it. An example such as semantically complex is sophisticate, an
English word which means in Indonesian language ‘orang yang pintar dan berpengalaman dalam hal-hal duniawi’.
4)
Source and target languages make distinctions in
meaning. For example, Indonesian makes a distinction between going out in the
rain without the knowledge that it is raining (kehujanan) and going out in the rain with the knowledge that it is
raining (hujan-hujanan). English does
not differentiate this, with the result that if an English text referred to
going out in the rain, the Indonesian translator may find it difficult to
choose the right equivalence, unless the context makes it clear whether or not
the person in question knew that it was raining.
5)
The target language lacks a specific term (hyponym).
For example, under house, English has
a variety of hyponyms which have no equivalents in many languages, for example bungalow, cottage, croft, chalet, logdge,
hut, mansion, manor, villa, and hall.
6)
Differences in physical or interpersonal perspective.
Physical perspective has to do with where things or people are in relation to
one another or to place, as expresses in pairs of words such as come/go, take/bring, arrive/depart,
and so on.
So if we make a
discussion about translation, it will not be enough on a paper. translation is
an interested job, but it is not easy to do.
Some
people is doing competition to be a broadcaster. Broadcaster is a person who
works in broadcasting. Broadcasting is a Media to give information, persuade, and entertain the
audiences. There are two
kinds of Broadcasting, radio broadcast and
television broadcast. In this article
the writer would like explain more detail about radio broadcast. The earliest radio
stations were simply radiotelegraphy
systems and did not carry audio. The first claimed audio transmission that
could be termed a broadcast occurred on Christmas Eve
in 1906, and was made by Reginald Fessenden. Whether this
broadcast actually took place is disputed.[2]
While many early experimenters attempted to create systems similar to radiotelephone
devices by which only two parties were meant to communicate, there were others
who intended to transmit to larger audiences. Charles Herrold
started broadcasting in California in 1909 and was carrying audio by the
next year. (Herrold's station eventually became KCBS). For the next decade,
radio tinkerers had to build their own radio receivers. In The Hague, the
Netherlands, PCGG started broadcasting on November 6, 1919. In 1916, Frank Conrad,
an employee for the Westinghouse Electric Corporation,
began broadcasting from his Wilkinsburg, Pennsylvania
garage with the call letters 8XK. Later, the station was moved to the top of
the Westinghouse factory building in East Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
Westinghouse relaunch the station as KDKA
on November 2, 1920, claiming to be "the world's first commercially
licensed radio station".[3]
The commercial broadcasting designation
came from the type of broadcast license;
advertisements
did not air until years later. The first licensed broadcast in the United
States came from KDKA itself: the results of the Harding/Cox Presidential Election.
The Montreal
station that became CFCF
began broadcast programming on May 20,
1920, and the Detroit
station that became WWJ began program broadcasts beginning on August 20,
1920, although neither held a license at the time***.
Radio Argentina
began regularly scheduled transmissions from the Teatro Coliseo in Buenos Aires
on August 27, 1920, making its own priority claim. The station got its license
on November 19, 1923. The delay was due to the lack of official Argentine
licensing procedures before that date. This station continued regular
broadcasting of entertainment and cultural fare for several decades.***
Radio in
education soon followed and colleges across the U.S. began adding radio
broadcasting courses to their curricula. Curry College in Milton, Massachusetts
introduced one of the first broadcasting majors in 1932 when the college teamed
up with WLOE in Boston to have students broadcast programs.***
Broadcasting by radio
takes several forms. These include AM
and FM stations, There are several
subtypes, namely commercial broadcasting, non-commercial educational
(NCE) public broadcasting and non-profit
varieties as well as community radio,
student-run campus radio stations and hospital radio
stations can be found throughout the world***.
In
Padang city we can find many radios, Radio
broadcasting commercial and radio broadcast non-commercial (governments). Radio broadcast commercial such as Bimantara FM, gigsy FM, and many radios.
Broadcast non-commercial
(government’s) such as radio RRI Padang.
AM stations
were the earliest broadcasting stations to be developed. AM refers to amplitude modulation, a mode of
broadcasting radio waves by varying the amplitude of the carrier signal in
response to the amplitude of the signal to be transmitted***.
The medium-wave
band is used worldwide for AM broadcasting. Europe also uses the long wave
band. In response to the growing popularity of FM radio
stereo radio stations in the late 1980s and early 1990s, some North
American stations began broadcasting in AM stereo,
though this never gained popularity, and very few receivers were ever sold***.
One of the
advantages of AM is that its signal can be detected (turned into sound) with
simple equipment. If a signal is strong enough, not even a power source is
needed; building an unpowered crystal radio
receiver was a common childhood project in the early decades of AM
broadcasting.
Talk about
salary, of course translation will get a lot of money, but we just stuck in one
side, whereas broadcasting, we can circle around the world, we can meet every
one. Because broadcasting is ti find out, not waiting for.
So, if we talk
about translation and broadcasting, it will not solve our problem. If we want
to choose one of them, it depends on our comfortable. If we fell comfortable in
broadcasting, just choose it.
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