Artikel Yogi Prayoga

12 Juli 2012

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Tema Artikel : Broadcasting and Translation
Yogi Prayoga
1001122004

Translation and broadcast

There are many differencesies between translation and broadcast. Translation is the communication of the meaning of a source-language text by means of an equivalent target-language text*. Translation studies is an interdisciplinary containing elements of social science and the humanities, dealing with the systematic study of the theory, the description and the application of translation, interpreting or both these activities**. Translation is a process to change 2 different language (source language) into another language ( target language). For example translate English to Indonesian; there are many totally different from English’s culture and Indonesian’s culture. Cultural translation, this is a new area of interest in the field of translation studies, deriving largely from Homi Bhabha's reading of Salman Rushdie in The Location of Culture. Cultural translation is a concept used in cultural studies to denote the process of transformation, linguistic or otherwise, in a given culture. The concept uses linguistic translation as a tool or metaphor in analyzing the nature of transformation in cultures. For example, ethnography is considered a translated narrative of an abstract living culture**.The big trouble of translation is translating the culture, why? Because in the world there are many differencecies country, and not same to each other. So, before we start to translate, a translator has to learn and understand about the culture of target language. For example if a translator want translate English into Indonesian, the translator has to know about the culture of English. Such as thanks giving, Thanks giving is a culture of English and Indonesian has not this culture. So when a translator found this case, they have to explain more detail about thanks giving and make the reader understand it.

There are many kind of translation :

1.      Back-translation

A "back-translation" is a translation of a translated text back into the language of the original text, made without reference to the original text.

Comparison of a back-translation with the original text is sometimes used as a check on the accuracy of the original translation, much as the accuracy of a mathematical operation is sometimes checked by reversing the operation. But while useful as approximate checks, the results of such reverse operations are not always precisely reliable. Back-translation must in general be less accurate than back-calculation because linguistic symbols (words) are often ambiguous, whereas mathematical symbols are intentionally unequivocal*.

2.      Literary translation

Translation of literary works (novels, short stories, plays, poems, etc.) is considered a literary pursuit in its own right. For example, notable in Canadian literature specifically as translators are figures such as Sheila Fischman, Robert Dickson and Linda Gaboriau, and the Governor General's Awards annually present prizes for the best English-to-French and French-to-English literary translations*.

Other writers, among many who have made a name for themselves as literary translators, include Vasily Zhukovsky, Tadeusz Boy-Żeleński, Vladimir Nabokov, Jorge Luis Borges, Robert Stiller and Haruki Murakami*.

3.      Modern translation

As languages change, texts in an earlier version of a language – either original texts or old translations – may be difficult for more modern readers to understand. Texts may thus be translated into more modern language, called a modern translation (sometimes modern English translation or modernized translation)*.

4.      Poetry

Poetry presents special challenges to translators, given the importance of a text's formal aspects, in addition to its content. In his influential 1959 paper "On Linguistic Aspects of Translation", the Russian-born linguist and semiotician Roman Jakobson went so far as to declare that "poetry by definition [is] untranslatable"*.

In 1974 the American poet James Merrill wrote a poem, "Lost in Translation", which in part explores this idea. The question was also discussed in Douglas Hofstadter's 1997 book, Le Ton beau de Marot; he argues that a good translation of a poem must convey as much as possible of not only its literal meaning but also its form and structure (meter, rhyme or alliteration scheme, etc.*

Translation is not easy work; there are many steps that we have to learn and many theories that we have to know. Such as technics of translation; vocative function, technic of translation free style, technic of translation multifunctional, technic of translation dialek, and technics of translation two special case. There are so complicated if we no really serious to learn it****.

Translator is useful in the word, why? Because in the word there are many differences languages, in each country need communicate to each other. This is actor of translator on different language, to connectt the different language.

The salary of translation is too expensive, one piece of paper the client can pay Rp.50.000. imagine if we translate a book, a book usual has 100 pages more. We can count how much money we get?

The salary of a translator senior can get money Rp.65 million on month., wow. it is same as with the salary of  regent. As we know that all need a process to get all of money, it is not easy. So we have to work hard.

If we work as translator we can work at home without coats, jeans, tie and shoes. We only use pant, and no one will be angry to us. A translator only need laptop and connection internet. Connection internet is useful to looking for a client. A translator can work in foreign company and book publisher. But if we really want be a translator and get much money, we can find client from another country. They will pay  with dollar, imagine if one piece of paper they can pay you $ 20, $ 1= Rp 10.000. $ 20= Rp. 200.000. If we get translation project 300 pages, 200.000x300= Rp.6.000.000. if we can finish it in one week. It is same with the salary of civil servants 2 months. It is fantastic right?

After that I would like explain about the broadcasting.

Radio broadcasting is a one-way wireless transmission over radio waves intended to reach a wide audience. Stations can be linked in radio networks to broadcast a common radio format, either in broadcast syndication or simulcast or both. Audio broadcasting also can be done via cable radio, local wire television networks, satellite radio, and internet radio via streaming media on the Internet***.

Broad casting is a Medias to give information, persuade, and entertainment to the public listener. There are two kinds of  Broadcasting, radio broadcast and television broadcast. In this article the writer would like explain more detail about radio broadcast. The earliest radio stations were simply radiotelegraphy systems and did not carry audio. The first claimed audio transmission that could be termed a broadcast occurred on Christmas Eve in 1906, and was made by Reginald Fessenden. Whether this broadcast actually took place is disputed.[2] While many early experimenters attempted to create systems similar to radiotelephone devices by which only two parties were meant to communicate, there were others who intended to transmit to larger audiences. Charles Herrold started broadcasting in California in 1909 and was carrying audio by the next year. (Herrold's station eventually became KCBS). For the next decade, radio tinkerers had to build their own radio receivers. In The Hague, the Netherlands, PCGG started broadcasting on November 6, 1919. In 1916, Frank Conrad, an employee for the Westinghouse Electric Corporation, began broadcasting from his Wilkinsburg, Pennsylvania garage with the call letters 8XK. Later, the station was moved to the top of the Westinghouse factory building in East Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Westinghouse relaunched the station as KDKA on November 2, 1920, claiming to be "the world's first commercially licensed radio station".[3] The commercial broadcasting designation came from the type of broadcast license; advertisements did not air until years later. The first licensed broadcast in the United States came from KDKA itself: the results of the Harding/Cox Presidential Election. The Montreal station that became CFCF began broadcast programming on May 20, 1920, and the Detroit station that became WWJ began program broadcasts beginning on August 20, 1920, although neither held a license at the time***.

Radio Argentina began regularly scheduled transmissions from the Teatro Coliseo in Buenos Aires on August 27, 1920, making its own priority claim. The station got its license on November 19, 1923. The delay was due to the lack of official Argentine licensing procedures before that date. This station continued regular broadcasting of entertainment and cultural fare for several decades.***

Radio in education soon followed and colleges across the U.S. began adding radio broadcasting courses to their curricula. Curry College in Milton, Massachusetts introduced one of the first broadcasting majors in 1932 when the college teamed up with WLOE in Boston to have students broadcast programs.***

            Broadcasting by radio takes several forms. These include AM and FM stations, There are several subtypes, namely commercial broadcasting, non-commercial educational (NCE) public broadcasting and non-profit varieties as well as community radio, student-run campus radio stations and hospital radio stations can be found throughout the world***.

In Padang city we can find many radios, Radio broadcasting commercial and radio broadcast non-commercial (government’s). Radio broadcast commercial such as  Arbest FM, Sushi FM, and many radios. Broadcast non-commercial (government’s) such as radio RRI Padang.

In radio broadcast there are name FM and AM. FM refers to frequency modulation, and occurs on VHF airwaves in the frequency range of 88 to 108 MHz everywhere (except Japan and Russia). Japan uses the 76 to 90 MHz band. Russia has two bands widely used by the Soviet Union, 65.9 to 74 MHz and 87.5 to 108 MHz worldwide standard. FM stations are much more popular since higher sound fidelity and stereo broadcasting became common in this format. FM radio was invented by Edwin H. Armstrong in the 1930s for the specific purpose of overcoming the interference problem of AM radio, to which it is relatively immune. At the same time, greater fidelity was made possible by spacing stations further apart. Instead of 10 kHz apart, as on the AM band in the US, FM channels are 200 kHz (0.2 MHz) apart. In other countries greater spacing is sometimes mandatory, such as in New Zealand, which uses 700 kHz spacing (previously 800 kHz). The improved fidelity made available was far in advance of the audio equipment of the 1940s, but wide interchannel spacing was chosen to take advantage of the noise-suppressing feature of wideband FM***.

 AM stations were the earliest broadcasting stations to be developed. AM refers to amplitude modulation, a mode of broadcasting radio waves by varying the amplitude of the carrier signal in response to the amplitude of the signal to be transmitted***.

The medium-wave band is used worldwide for AM broadcasting. Europe also uses the long wave band. In response to the growing popularity of FM radio stereo radio stations in the late 1980s and early 1990s, some North American stations began broadcasting in AM stereo, though this never gained popularity, and very few receivers were ever sold***.

One of the advantages of AM is that its signal can be detected (turned into sound) with simple equipment. If a signal is strong enough, not even a power source is needed; building an unpowered crystal radio receiver was a common childhood project in the early decades of AM broadcasting***.

Most of radio in Indonesia uses FM radio, because FM radio can reach all of area casting and cheaper than AM radio.

The salary of broadcaster, the writer think is too low than translator, why? Because broadcasting only depend advertisement. If our program good and has height rating, the advertising will be enter their product and pay much money into our program but in contrast if our program low rating the advertising will not be enter their product into our program. But if we work in big company such as television broadcasting Trans crop, MNC, Indosiar, Tv one, and Rcti. They are rich company, if we work there we will get much money but the important thing is we have creative idea and can speak in public.

Those are comparing between translators and broadcasting. Which one the best, it is depend our self. What is we really enjoy job. Whatever your job the important thing is we have to do our with single-minded and honestly.

Footers :
*; source : file:///E:/radio%20brocast/Translation.htm (wikipedia)
**; source: file:///E:/radio%20brocast/Translation_studies.htm (wikipedia)
***; source: file:///E:/radio%20brocast/Radio_broadcasting.htm (wikipedia)
****; source : the book of Pedoman Bagi Penerjemah by Rochayah Machali